· identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and predict possible outcomes
· design investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; conduct risk assessments; and consider research ethics, including animal ethics
· conduct investigations using ecosystem surveying techniques, including line transects, safely, competently and methodically for the collection of valid and reliable data
· represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; qualitatively describe sources of measurement error, and uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions
· interpret a range of scientific and media texts, and evaluate processes, claims and conclusions by considering the quality of available evidence; and use reasoning to construct scientific arguments
· select, construct and use appropriate representations, including classification keys to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions
· communicate to specific audiences, and for specific purposes, using appropriate language, nomenclature, genres and modes, including scientific reports